中医“坐堂”的来历

徐茂公

    “坐堂”，指官吏出庭命理案体处理事务，因坐于厅堂而得名。“清朝的县官坐堂，往往两造各责小板五百完案。”（鲁迅《华盖集·并非闲话》）足以证明。由此引出另一涵义，在民间指中医师行医之处。

       我国一些老字号的中医药店，多以“堂”相称，诸如什么“济生堂”、“同仁堂”、“长春堂”、“四知堂”等。以致有些药店沿变到后来发展成制药厂，仍然保留着这些老字号。如北京的“同仁堂”、天津的“达仁堂”、杭州的“胡庆馀堂”、石家庄的“乐仁堂”、安阳的“明善堂”等，至今仍名扬四海内外。

       中医药店为何称“堂”呢？这还得从医对张仲景说起。张仲景，名机，后汉南阳郡涅阳（今南阳）人，约生于公元2世纪，灵帝时（公元168～189年）举孝。建安中（公元196～219年）做长沙太守。他博学多才，曾从同郡张伯祖学医，尽得其详，成为当时的良医。

       张仲景生在汉末纷乱之世，社会道德沦丧，疾病流行，给人民带来了莫大的灾难。他目击惨状，抱着救死扶伤的精神，立志学习医术，以解除人民大众的疾苦。他在《伤寒论》自序中说：“余宗族素多，向余二百，建安纪年以来，犹未十稔，其死者三分有二，伤寒十居其七，感往昔之沦丧，伤横夭之莫救”，因此，他 “勤求古训，博采众方”，研读《素问》、《难经》等医学典籍，并结合了自己的临床经验，写出了《伤寒杂病论》16卷，创造了辨证论治的治疗法则，被后世尊为“医圣”。

       张仲景在任长沙太守期间，正值疫疠流行，许多贫苦百姓慕名前来求医。他一反封建官吏的官老爷作风，对前来求医者总是热情接待，细心诊治，从不拒绝。开始他是在处理完公务之后，在后堂或自己家中给人治病；后来由于前来治病者越来越多，使他接应不暇，于是他干脆把诊所搬到了长沙大堂，公开坐堂应诊，首创了名医坐大堂的先例，他的这一举动，被传为千古佳话。

       后来，张仲景弃官行医，走街串巷，深入民间为百姓治病，广泛搜集单方、验方草药等，著书立说，为弘扬祖国医学做出了重大贡献。人民为了怀念张仲景，便把坐在药店内治病的医生通称为“坐堂医”。这些医生也把自己开设的药店取名为“××堂药店”，这就是中医药店称“堂”的来历。

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